Essential of forensic investigation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Essential of forensic investigation - Case Study Example The humanity has been served by the forensic science for decades, yet there are major flaws which influence the court decisions in criminal cases and the case of ‘Murder of Marilyn Sheppard in 1954’ underlines how fatal can be the forensic science investigations. On the pretext of the case, the study analyzes the ways of recovering evidence, the ways of analyzing them and the way they were presented at court. The paper also examines the details of the police investigation and the sort of evidence used in the investigation. It also focuses on the techniques used in the examination and the relevance of the techniques in the current forensic examination. Further, the paper examines the types of evidence, number of evidence taken into consideration or overlooked. The evidence taken into consideration was the only prime evidence or it was part of a bigger picture is also discussed in this study along with analyzing the fact that whether they were given due importance by the court and the police investigation or not. If yes, how was the evidence used used at trial, and, if not, why? It also speculates the possible conclusion, if the case is tried now. The case study also examines the factors that went wrong as well as the factors that can be consi dered as good practices. It also identifies the desirable or necessary changes that would have affected the outcome of the case. For examining the crime scenes the only scientific process is the forensic science and its investigation reports are quite important for influencing court decisions. In the selected case the decision made once was reversed in the second trial of the case and the second trial of the case was accepted by the court on the basis of new forensic investigation and it proved how important the evidence collected by the forensic scientists and their investigation are for the legal purposes. Often, forensic

Discuss how psychological research into false memories has improved Essay

Discuss how psychological research into false memories has improved the reliabilty of eyewitness testimony - Essay Example The most important variables in eyewitness identification include perception, memory, communication and candour of the eyewitness. However, it has been a tough job for even trained observers to make accurate identification of the eyewitness. In this background, research in cognitive psychology on the subject of false memories proves to be greatly invaluable and such studies influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony immensely. As Daniel L. Schacter purports, experimental and theoretical studies of memory reveal that errors, distortions, and illusions are fundamental aspects of remembering and recollection. For the last two decades, there has been renewed interest in memory errors and distortions within psychotherapy and neuropsychology. â€Å"It is in the context of this debate that the term ‘false memory’ has come into common usage in psychological research. False memories refer to recollections that are in some way distorted or, in extreme cases, involve rememb ering events that never happened at all.† (Schacter, 1999, p. 193). Therefore, psychological research into false memories can greatly contribute to the reliability of eyewitness testimony and this paper makes a reflective exploration of how such examinations can improve the reliability of eyewitness testimony. ... The findings in the recent studies on the development of false memories prove that benign memories can be distorted in various ways during the process of encoding and retrieval. As Rowland W. Folensbee maintains, â€Å"research into false memories does not call into question the existence of memory processes that could maintain implicit traumatic memories. In fact, recent neuroimaging research offers support for the existence of flashbacks that not connected to explicit memory processes. (Folensbee, 2007, p. 119). Therefore, the recent studies on the process of recovering implicit memories have introduced a new way of understanding the working of false memories and these researches contribute to the comprehension of the fundamental aspects of memory. It is fundamental to realize that the cognitive psychologists have identified the occurrence of false memories and the recent experimental research in the area contributes to a better analysis of false memories. The significant connecti on between the recent psychological research into false memories and the reliability of eyewitness testimony cannot be questioned, because the developments in this area of neuropsychological research have contributed to the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One of the core aspects of the judicial process has been the reliability of eyewitness testimony and every attempt to improve its validity has great implications in legal psychology. According to Tversky and Fisher, it is fundamental for the participants in the judicial process to recognize the fallibility of witness memories. (Tversky and Fisher, 2000). The recent studies in neuropsychology concerning human memory focus on the susceptibility of the

Zinc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zinc - Essay Example But it varies with different temperatures, as the appearance becomes ductile when heated at ranges 110-150  °C. Zinc is a reactive metal that was first discovered in 1746, and the person who discovered zinc was Andreas Marggraf. The symbol of zinc is denoted with â€Å"Zn†. Being in the group of transition metals, it is the property of zinc that it conducts electricity and heat. The valence electrons of zinc are present in more than one shell. Being placed in the transition metals, it has several oxidation states. Zinc has hexagonal crystalline structure. The atomic number of zinc is 30. It has the atomic mass of 65.39 a.m.u (atomic mass unit). Zinc has a melting point of 419.58  °C and it has a boiling point of 907.0  ° C. The density of zinc is 7.133 g/cm3. The numbers of neutrons are 30 and then numbers of protons/electrons are 35. ISOTOPES OF NEUTRON: The isotopes are the atoms containing different number of neutrons and same number of protons, responsible for alteri ng total number of nucleons. There are ten isotopes of zinc that are shown in the table below. Half Life Zn-62 9.26 hours Zn-63 38.5 minutes Zn-64 Stable Zn-65 243.8 days Zn-66 Stable Zn-67 Stable Zn-68 Stable Zn-69m 13.76 hours Zn-70 Stable Zn-72 46.5 hours Zinc has two oxidation states and the valence electrons are in s shell. ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF ZINC:- The atomic structure gives us an idea about the structure of atoms and its arrangement. The atomic structure includes atomic radius, atomic size, covalent radius, cross section, and crystal structure. The atomic radius of zinc is 1.53 A °, the atomic volume is 9.2 cm3/mol, the covalent radius is 1.25 A °, cross section of 1.11, and the structure is hexagonal in nature. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ZINC:- The electronic configuration tells us that how much electrons are placed in the specific shell. The electronic configuration of zinc is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2.This electronic configuration makes the process easier to remove 2 of 4s electrons and easier to form compounds like ZnO, Zncl2 and ZnSO4.   SOURCES OF ZINC:- The annual production of zinc is 5,020,000 tons. It is found in the minerals such as zincite (ZnO), zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, and franklinite. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:- Zinc has electronegativity of 1.65 Pauling, Heat of fusion of 7.322 kJ/mol, electron work function of 4.33 eV, it has an electrochemical equivalent of 1.22g/amp-hr, and a valence electron potential of 38.9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:- It is hard, brittle, bluish white transition metal. The enthalpy of fusion is 7.32 kJ/mol, enthalpy of atomization is 129.7 kJ/mol, average atomic mass of 65.39 and boiling point of 907 ° C. COMPOUNDS OF ZINC:- Many compounds of zinc are formed, but ten are discussed over here. 1. Zinc Borate: It is also called as fire brake ZB. Zinc borate has elements containing Zinc, Boron and oxygen. It has a chemical formula 3ZnO. 2B2O3. Its CAS number is 1332-07-6. Its casewell number is 909b. It is white powder. 2. Zinc carbonate: It is also called carbonic acid and zinc spar. It has a formula of ZnCo3, made up of zinc, carbon and oxygen. It has CAS number 3486-35-9. 3. Zinc sulphate: It has oxygen, sulphur and zinc. The formula is ZnsO4. The CAS number is 7733-02-0. Casewell number is 927. It is also called Bonazen having several other synonyms. 4. Zinc chloride: Is formula is ZnCl2. It has elements containing zinc and chlorine. Its CAS number is 7646-85-7. Its casewell number is 910. It is also called as butter of zinc. 5. Zinc Oxide: It has elements zinc and oxygen. Its chemical formula is ZnO2. Its CAS number is 1314-13-2. It casewell number is 920. It is also called as snow white. 6. Zinc stearate: Its formula is Zn(C18H35O2) 2. It has carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and zinc. Its

History of Bacteria, Penicillin and Germ Theories

History of Bacteria, Penicillin and Germ Theories Mursal Malekzadeh THE GERM THEORY How this all began was before the germ theory was developed. Edward Jenner who was a doctor came up with vaccination. Smallpox was popular in the 18th century and so many people died due to the smallpox. Girls who would milk cows didn’t catch smallpox but instead caught cowpox. There was no research into disease and infections in the 18th century. Edward Jenner thought of an idea. He thought that people could be protected from smallpox if he would inject them with cowpox so therefore in 1794 he tried this idea which proved his prediction right. Also to provide clear evidence he injected a smallpox victim into the same person he injected cowpox with 2 months after. This caused the person to show no signs of smallpox because he had been injected with cowpox previously. Jenner’s idea became widely accepted as it cured a lot of smallpox victims. Jenner’s technique of injected cowpox into smallpox victims is now called vaccination. In the 1980s the world health organi sation suggested that the disease didn’t exist anymore due to an international vaccination programme. This got rid of smallpox. Although Edward Jenner’s theory was correct and there’s evidence to prove it but his technique would not be permitted today because its considered unethical to use healthy participants and inject them. In the 18th and 19th century many women who just gave birth were dying within 5 days of their delivery. There were clear symptoms such as vomiting and inflammation of the womb however no one knew why this was happening. Ignaz Semmelweiss was a doctor who worked in the maternity wards. Semmelweiss found out that his medical students would straight away dissect a dead body to delivering a baby without washing their hands. This made him think if they had the cause of the disease on their hands from the dead patients previously to their pregnant patients. Semmelweiss knew that the deaths were caused by an infectious agent so therefore he told all his medical students to wash their hands in soap before they went to the maternity ward. This was effect because the death rates dropped to 1% after 2 years. On the other hand other doctors wouldn’t agree with Semmelweiss idea because they thought the pain women received after childbirth was due to god punishing them. Washing hands in the 19th century was hard because there wasn’t always running warm water and the soap made of chlorinated lime would damage the hands but today everyone washes before and after they do anything. Later in the 1920s Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin. He noticed a lot of mould on his plates after he came back from holiday. One day he used mould juice which he called penicillin but the problem was that he couldn’t get a lot of mould juice because it would go bad so this made him stop doing experiments to prove if penicillin would kill bacteria. In 1938 Howard Florey and Ernst Chain did further research into penicillin. One of their experiments were based on 8 mice which they injected 4 of them with bacteria that would kill them and 4 with penicillin. The results showed that the 4 injected with penicillin survived whereas the other remaining 4 died. They could prove that penicillin destroyed bacteria. The next problem was making enough of it for everyone so they went to USA with their mould and the big chemical companies helped them make penicillin. Penicillin is very popular today as it has been used by many to destroy bacterial infections. All these past events influenced Pasteur to come up with the germ theory. The germ theory of disease is thought that infectious diseases are caused by a germ. Louis Pasteur who was a chemist and biologist did a lot of research into the germ theory. In order to help him with his experiments people such as Robert Koch developed the microscope so that microorganisms were visible. Pasteur had an idea that growths that developed like mould on food, were from microscopic organisms which were in the air. Pasteur did some experiments to see if his prediction was correct so he boiled broth and closed the container and it would be clear however when he added other things that were exposed to the air, he saw that microorganisms developed in the broth which caused it to be cloudy. He repeated many more experiments until he came up with a series of experiments which used swan necked flasks because this proved that microorganisms that appear in boiled broth come from the air. In 1845 a disease destroyed silkworms. Pasteur again knew this was due to microorganisms because it was found in the tissues of diseased silkworms, moths and eggs which were possible to see by using a microscope. Pasteur tried to get rid of the disease by identifying the eggs which were infected. This helped to save the silk industry and there was clear evidence of microorganisms causing disease. Many people died of infectious diseases but Pasteur did a lot of investigation on these diseases so therefore he developed vaccines against these diseases. Many of Pasteur’s investigations and experiments influenced Joseph Lister who was a scientist. Pasteur came up with the idea of pasteurisation which is that boiling liquid can effectively remove bacteria or germs. People thought that small organisms as germs couldn’t destroy larger ones such as humans. Pasteur did further investigation in order to explain the causes of many diseases such as smallpox, anthrax, TB and cholera. He found out that these diseases could be eliminated by vaccination and eventually will leave the body. Pasteur became very successful when he developed vaccinations for Rabies. Joseph Lister was influenced by Pasteur’s work. He was a surgeon and used Pasteur’s ideology’s to make the process of surgery more hygienic which eventually prevented many people from dying When Lister found out about Pasteurs experiments on wine going bad due to microorganisms in the air, he knew that microorganisms present in the air were causing his patients to die after they had survived surgery. This was due to the infection as the open wounds made it easier for the germs to transfer into the body. People would use carbolic acid to get rid of cattle parasite in fields so Lister thought it could stop wounds from getting infected by cleaning the patients wounds with carbolic acid as well as soaking the dressings in antiseptic liquid. Listers antiseptic surgery caused the death rate to fall to 15% but before Lister came up with his antiseptic surgery the death rate was high due to the bacteria in the air and the lack of using any antiseptic when doing surgery. Recent events that happened include the discovery of Methiciliin in 1960 in order to treat infections caused by bacteria resistant to penicillin. In 2008 the cervical cancer vaccination programme was developed and introduced in UK. It was suggested to vaccinate girls aged 12 against HPV. 3 vaccinations are given every six months. This vaccination helps to protect against types of HPV. In conclusion all these events tell us that vaccination is very effective so therefore ever since vaccination was first discovered it has been successful. References http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/infectiousdiseases_timeline/index.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pasteur_louis.shtml

Art Therapy: A Necessary Tool for Success Essay -- Art

Art is the self-expression of someone or something that shows the hidden or underlying emotions upon which are found within the unconscious mind (Merriam-Webster). Art can tell stories of past events which were significant to that culture or person. This could include things such as hunts or sacrifices to please the gods. As society and people started to evolve and become more and more like modern day society, so did art and how society viewed it. At the beginning of the renaissance in Europe, many new artists and ways of thinking began emerging which soon became the mainstream way of thinking. Artists from this time period transformed art from what it was to how we view it today. From being a tool to tell stories with, art slowly started to shift to a more abstract way of thinking. As people and their minds started to change, how we view art and the uses of how art became limitless. When someone talks about art, there are many different aspects that they could be talking about. Art could be a simple painting but it could also be an elegant sculpture or sketch. When thinking about art and the uses that art can have the possibilities are endless. Art could be used as self-expression of suppressed feelings that are unknown to the conscious. Art is looked at as a good way to relieve stress and express emotions. It was not until art was seen as something more than decoration that it became a form of therapy that could be used in our everyday lives. Art therapy is a very useful and effective therapy tool while treating kids and young adults with ongoing issues involving both emotional and or psychical damage. Art therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses art materials such as paints chalk and markers to reveal hidden or ... ...tion, n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. . Mueller, Karen, and Margie Whittaker Leidig. â€Å"Women’s Anger and Feminist Therapy.† Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 1 (Winter 1976): 23-30. JSTOR. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. . Wadeson, Harriet. Art Therapy and Art Education. Vol. 33, No. 4 ed. JSTOR . N.p., Apr. 1980. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Wexler, Alice. â€Å"Painting Their Way out: Profiles of Adolescent Art Practice at the Harlem Hospital Horizon Art Studio.† Studies of Art Education 43 .4 (2002): 339-353. JSTOR. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. .

I Believe in Forgiveness Essay

I never really understood the meaning of forgiveness. When people hurt me or treat me badly I always thought the best way to handle it is to hold it in. I never showed anger on the outside but just kept it all in. Instead, I let it boil inside of me. My kind act toward those who hurt me was a shield from my pain. Most of my kind act was at my mother. I blamed my birth mother for every relationship I have ever been in that ended with my hurting the guy or me thinking I am just going to be like my mother and leave him for the next person. see more:to err is human meaning Over the years, her actions and mishaps became the victim for my own actions. The fact that I have not yet become a divorcee like her was justification for her being irresponsible, dishonest, and ungrateful. Throughout the years of struggle, dysfunctional relationships, and little to no relationship, I hardly took responsibility for anything that I had done. I laid all my relationship troubles on my birth mother. I call her my birth mother because I never grew up with her but I have met her from time to time. She gave me to my dad when I was seven years old because of another man. I blame my relationship trouble on her because she never had a solid relationship for me to learn from. She has been married four times and the longest have been a year and that was to my dad. Then a few months ago, something shocking happened to me: I was in a committed relationship for the first time in my life. I was so scared I would be just like her or I was going to ruin this wonderful guy’s life. One night, as I was trying to sleep, thinking about my life, I suddenly became filled with fear. I was convinced I would screw up my life —that all my fear of being like her was tarnishing my relationship life. Strangely, while panicking about my life becoming a doom, my mother came to mind. I sat there in the dark, surrounded by the soothing sounds and smells of my air freshener in my room, and I thought of how my mom must have blame her mother for the same reason I am blaming her. I knew at that moment that she never intended to hurt me. I realized that might have been as scared like I am when it comes to commitment just as I am. I knew that she had done the best she could to stay in those relationships, but it was not the right thing to do. I forgave my mother that night—for all the times she got divorced, embarrassed me, or hurt my father or made me feel like I can never have a relationship because I always think I would end up like her. I forgave her for not being around. I let go of the resentment I’d held toward her for so many years. I stopped blaming her. For some reasons maybe my reasons were not very noble. Maybe I was afraid my life would turn out to be just like hers or maybe I might never find that person to settle down with. Whatever the reason, for the first time, I saw my birth mom as a real person. A person with flaws and mistakes. I knew she did not jump from marriage to marriage to hurt me. She got divorced for four times because she was flawed and hurting. I knew that if I did not forgive her, I would never have the kind of relationship I wanted with my future husband. If I kept blaming her I would never start living my own life. My mom have not asked for my forgiveness; she’s never acknowledged that she’s done anything wrong. But I realized that in forgiving her, what I was really doing was taking responsibility for myself and my own actions for the first time in a long time. Forgiving my mom changed my life. I accepted her for who she was and that set me free. I realized that when we forgive someone it is not for them but for you. After I forgave her it was like a burden was taken off my shoulders. I felt this inner peace that I have never felt before. My relationship with my boyfriend is going good and I don’t think or say to myself that I am going to end up like my mother. My eyes are open now to my own failings. I am going to take responsibility for every mistake I make in my relationships and not blame someone for them. And I discovered that forgiving someone is both an innately spiritual act that brings us closer to a higher power, and a uniquely human act that connects people in a way that strengthens us all. Forgiveness is a powerful thing. This I believe. I Believe Essay Draft 1 09/12/12 Word Count 752 The Power of Forgiveness I believe in forgiveness. I never really understood the meaning of forgiveness. When people hurt me or treat me badly I always thought the best way to handle it is to hold it in. I never showed anger on the outside but just kept it all in. Instead, I let it boil inside of me. My kind act toward those who hurt me was a shield from my pain. Most of my kind act was at my mother. I blamed my birth mother for every relationship I have ever been in that I had to end because I feel I am going to hurt him or he is going to hurt me. Over the years, her actions and mishaps became the victim for my own actions. The fact that I have not yet become a divorcee like her was justification for being irresponsible, dishonest, and ungrateful. Throughout years of struggle, dysfunctional relationships, and little to no relationship, I hardly took responsibility for anything that I had done. I laid all my relationship troubles on my birth mother. I call her my birth mother because I never grew up with her but I have met her from time to time. I grew up with my loving stepmother and father. She gave me to my dad when I was seven years old because of another man. I blame my relationship trouble on her because she never had a solid relationship. She has been married four times and the longest have been a year and that was to with my dad. Then a few months ago, something shocking happened to me: I was in a committed relationship for the first time in my life. One night, as I was trying to sleep, thinking about my life, I suddenly became filled with fear. I was convinced I would screw up my life —that all my fear of being like my mother was tarnishing my relationship life. Strangely, while panicking about my life becoming a doom, my birth mother came to mind. I sat there in the dark, surrounded by the soothing sounds and smells of my air freshener in my room , and I thought of how my birth mom must have blame her mother for the same reason I am blaming her. I knew at that moment that she never intended to hurt me. I realized that might have been as scared like I am when it comes to commitment just as I am. I knew that she had done the best she could to stay in those relationships, but it was not the right thing to do. I forgave my mother that night—for all the times she got divorced, embarrassed me, or hurt my father or made me feel like I can never have a relationship because I always think I would end up like her. I forgave her for not being around. I let go of the resentment I’d held toward her for so many years. I stopped blaming her. For some reasons maybe my reasons were not very noble. Maybe I was afraid my life would turn out to be just like hers or maybe I might never find that person blame. But whatever the reason, for the first time, I saw my birth mom as a real person. A person with flaws and mistakes. I knew she didn’t jump from marriage to marriage to hurt me. She got divorce for four times because she was flawed and hurting. I knew that if I didn’t forgive her, I would never have the kind of relationship I wanted with my future husband. If I kept blaming her I would never start living my own life. My mom hadn’t asked for my forgiveness; she’s never acknowledged that she’s done anything wrong. But I realized that in forgiving her, what I was really doing was taking responsibility for myself and my own actions for the first time in a long time. Forgiving my mom changed my life. I accepted her for who she was and that set me free. I realized that when we forgive someone it is not for them but for you. My relationship with my boyfriend is going good and I don’t think or say to myself that I am going to end up like my birth mother. My eyes are open now to my own failings. And I discovered that forgiving someone is both an innately spiritual act that brings us closer to a higher power, and a uniquely human act that connects people in a way that strengthens us all. Forgiveness is a powerful thing. This I believe. 09/14/12 Process Memo At first I didn’t know what I was going to write about so I wrote down some things that I believe in. some examples like family, forgiveness and friendship. I listen to some of the essays on thisibelieve. om and it gave me an idea of what to write. I made a list of who took me so long to forgive them then I chose one and then I chose one. I wrote down things they did that made me not to forgive them. I also wrote down the process it took me to forgive them. I then developed and created my essay. The workshop in class helped a lot from reading other people’s essay it gave me a better idea of how to arrange my paper. My group members gave me nice idea on how to develop and make it more interesting and correct my mistakes. The workshop helped a lot.

Compare and Contrast Readings Essay

You have suffered before as I have suffered, maybe not exactly as me, but you have experienced a type of suffering. Mary Rowlandson shows us what suffering is in her book called â€Å" A Narrative of the Captivity,† by creating a character who loses her six year old child due to an attack in her town Lancaster and constantly being moved. Another author, Olaudah Equiano, writes a story about another type of suffering in his book â€Å" The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,† by telling readers about him being kidnapped directly from his home and being brought into slavery. By reading these excerpts readers can see different types of suffering and how the characters handle them. â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† articulates suffering better because there are events that most people would know about and tells how people around him are dealing with the changes. Equiano’s narrative takes place in the 1800s, when slavery started to become popular. He talks of his self becoming a slave when he was just a kid. After, serving as a slave for different people in Africa, being detached from his family, and getting shipped off to stay a slave but in a fortune country, he did not become belligerent. â€Å"I did not know what this could mean, and indeed I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts,† (Equiano 59). Equiano thinking the men that are about to enslave him are full of magic proves how young he is, too young to be a slave. A child being a slave for the rest of his or her life is a horrific way to spend one’s childhood. He has suffered all of his life, beginning with the day he was taken away from his home but after all this he did not seek revenge, he became an author. Rowlandson’s narrative speaks on the American Indians being removed from their native land by English people. When a reader starts reading the excerpt, one might think it is only about a woman losing her children but  once you look at the details you will see how the events she describes relate to the event of Americans kicking American Indians off their land. â€Å"The occasion (as I thought) of their moving at this time, was, the English army, it being near and following them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rowlandson 39). The reason why readers did not know of the event from the start of the story is because the main character did not know why either. The quote gives us confirmation that the moving to different places is because of the â€Å"English army,† Americans, taking over their property . Both of these authors did a great job at helping readers view different types of suffering and how people handled it. Mary Rowlandson, the main character handles the suffering of losing her children and her home by staying connected with God, as I would. Olaudah Equiano, the main character of â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,† suffers by getting stolen from his home and brought into slavery. By looking at how Equiano deals with being a slave, it is like he just accepts what is happening and does not try to change it. Although Olaudah Equiano does not do much to change his life as a slave, he does a better job at explaining his sufferings to a point where people can relate or know a little background of the event.