Cohen Vs Virginia Essays - Supreme Court, U.S. State, Free Essays

Cohen Vs Virginia Essays - Supreme Court, U.S. State, Free Essays Cohen Vs Virginia is Cohens vs. Virginia, in which the question arose as to the right of the Supreme Court to exercise its appellate jurisdiction over the judgment of a state court involving the validity of state legislation. The contention of the counsel for the state struck at the very root of the judicial system of the Union, with its authority to review state decisions which involved the binding effect of the Federal Constitution and laws: and so to the discussion of this fundamental question Marshall brought his heaviest artillery. In a series of powerful paragraphs he proclaimed the principle of nationalism and the existence of a real union resting on the will and determination of the people: That the United States, he said, from, for many, and for most important purposes, a single nation, has not yet been denied. In war, we are one people. In making peace, we are one people. In all commercial regulations, we are one and the same people. In many other respects, the American people are one; and the government which is alone capable of controlling and managing their interests in all these respects, is the government of the Union. It is their government, and in that character they have no other. America has chosen to be, in many respects, and to many purposes, a nation; and for all these purposes, her government is complete; to all these objects, it is competent. These words give us some idea of the simplicity of the style, the evidence of power and confidence, the eloquence which can raise a judicial opinion into the realm of literature. This decision, emphatically maintaining the appellate authority of the Court and the supremacy of the national law when the law is consonant with the Constitution, left no further ground for legal discussion, though the men of Virginia, fretting under the authority of the Court, poured out their wrath in many word

Free sample - The iPhone 5. translation missing

The iPhone 5. The iPhone 5The following definition is aimed at giving simple information to all the people who are interested in this new piece of technology-the iPhone 5. The targeted audience is composed of people from diverse professional, educational, and cultural backgrounds. This document will be given to all the marketers, cell phone dealers, and representative of call service companies who will attend the upcoming Accessible Cell Phone Seminar. All those who will attend will receive both soft and hard copies of this document for their clients’ reference. The aim of this document is to disseminate information about the iPhone 5, its history, usability, functions, and distinguish the iphone from other phones. This document has used easy language and a simple format for better understanding for all those who intend to buy the gadget. A well-illustrated photograph will show the audience how the phone looks like and its functions. The meanings of specific words like IOS will be clarified by parenthetical definitions. The audience would have a lot of interest in the phone because it is the latest and greatest technological innovation ever. The information is presented in a general manner because they may not have had prior exposure to the gadget. What is an iPhone 5? This Smartphone has both multimedia devices and internet. It was devised and is currently being marketed by the American Multinational Corporation, Apple Inc. This company is the maker of personal computers like the Macintosh, ipad, computer software, and consumer electronics. This phone is available in either a black or a white colour. It uses GSM OR Edge technology. It has a screen that is sensitive to single or multiple touches popularly known as touch screen. This screen is made up of glass that is resistant to scratch and measures 9 cm. Its back is metallic for protective purposes, and it doubles as an antenna. The iphone has five buttons, two for volume regulation, and the rest control phone calls. Both speaker and microphone are located at the base of the phone. It has inbuilt Bluetooth technology that aids the functioning of wireless headphones and earpieces. The phone has an internally located rechargeable battery. Additionally, the iphone has a charger; alternatively, it ca n be charged by a computer’s USB cable. Other accessories that the iphone possesses are a camera, a storage SIM card, and memory card that can store up to 16 to 32 GB of data. A photo illustrating the Touch Screen of the iPhone History of the Iphone Apple Inc’s Chief Executive Officer, Steve Jobs, developed the iphone. Apple engineers were directed by Jobs to investigate touch screens. Apple Inc developed the first iphone with a touch screen, in partnership with ATT Mobility. The first iphone was launched in public on January 9, 2007 at Macworld. In 2008, Apple released the iphone 3GS and this were made available in more than eighty countries with more than 100 user languages. The latest release is the iPhone 5. Usability of the iphone Iphone possesses a single key, the home key. Thus, almost all interactions between the user and the phone are conducted through the screen. However, the iphone screen does not sustain the use of a stylus. Instead, the user uses a finger or two to conduct all interactions with the iphone. Finger taps activate the majority of the controls with the UI (User Interface). However, there are situations that call for more advanced features. Swipes and the associated gestures such as flicking and dragging are used for scrolling through various lists on the iphone. For instance, if the iphone use drags a finger on any scrollable list on the phone, it results to the list following the finger automatically. Additionally, if the iphone user flicks a list item up and down, the screen scrolls in the direction of the finger under its own command. The screen scrolls at a reducing speed and eventually stops on its own as if it is fighting against some form of friction. The user of the iphone is able to view such things as web pages and photos if they scroll controls in a similar way. The iphone has additional advanced features; the user can use his/ her finger to scroll over the screen of the iphone in any direction. The photo viewer also utilizes flick type finger gestures to scroll around various photos. However, there are few parts of the iphone that entail the user sliding on an on-screen control with a finger. The most common activities that are operated in this way include unlocking the iphone and switching off. The user moves the on-screen slider from the left of the screen to the right along the on-screen track with a finger. This process completes the task. This feature was developed to avoid the iphone from undertaking these activities accidentally. Usability of the iphone The iphone has grown fast in popularity as more people are looking for phones with multiple functions. The iphone offers a combination of features such as a digital camera, mobile phone, a digital music player, and GPRS functionality. The iphone is capable of performing five major functions: 1. a torch feature, which allows the user to navigate through the dark or find lost items. 2. Geotagging, this special feature, allows users to locate photos that have been misplaced in the iphone. The tag provides the location of the photo. 3. Google street view, this feature allows the user to navigate through the neighborhood through a map that is located on the phone. 4. Slideshow, this feature allows an easy view of photos. 5. Voice command, this feature allows the user to undertake searches on Google. The feature allows the iphone to convert voice into text. What makes iphone unique? This phone has extremely powerful moisture sensors that are exposed to the environment. These sensors show if the phone has been affected by water. Sensors of ordinary phones are located within the phone. The user cannot replace the internally charged battery. This is its main shortcoming but Apple replaces any faulty battery without charging any fee. Its memory card can store large amounts of data contrary to the ordinary phones. This phone has two cameras unlike the ordinary phones that have one. The camera can distinctively pick out images in conditions with very low light. Risks associated with its usage Like any other phone, the iPhone 5 emits harmless radiation. However, there is no data showing that this radiation causes cancer. However, it one should avoid using the phone while driving or operating machinery because accidents are bound to occur. Parenthetical terms and their defined meanings SIM card- Subscriber Identity Module, this device identifies the subscriber in devices like phones and computers. USB- Universal Serial Bus, this feature of the iphone was designed for use in communicating with two devices like a mouse and the host controller or personal computer. GSM- Global System, this feature is used for Mobile Communication. IOS stands for iPhone operating system.

The IAT Demonstration Tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The IAT Demonstration Tests - Essay Example However, it is hard to know if this actually measures what it says it measures, as the responses were so quick and I made a few mistakes because I got confused about which button corresponded to which category. It was interesting to complete the tests, however, and I am definitely pleased with my results.  The Understanding Prejudice links were surprising in a way because it completely categorized every type of prejudice, and it is sometimes hard to remember that there are so many different types in the world. When I think of prejudice my mind automatically goes to racism and homophobia, but the links about genocide, anti-semitism, and stigmatization were definitely interesting. Some of the links about sexism were troubling particularly because this seems to be a type of â€Å"hidden† discrimination, as women are generally considered to be equal, but when we really think about it and use the information in the links, this turns out not to be true. It is interesting to see ho w often homophobia and related prejudice is linked to religion, but this type of attitude is also a type of prejudice (grouping all religious people together) in itself. Overall, there is a lot of value although I would have liked to have more information about the treatment of disabled people, people with mental illness and those from other â€Å"sexualities† that were not often mentioned.

Health-related topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health-related topics - Essay Example The health field bases on different factors the ability to overcome challenges depends on the models choices by a particular party. A person is best defined by the manner in which he or she overcomes social and other environmental challenges. The challenges within the environments are what shape a person’s mind. Jones (2001) creates a new concept and encourages each individual to describe their environment based on positivity and ignoring the negative attributes. The positive energy defined by the author is essential in everyday’s life. The world needs positive minds to enhance activities within the cultural spaces. Ignoring the negatives implies that allowing a person’s mind to generate solution based on available options. Public health is a major proponent in a given society. The positive energy within the spaces can be used to point out opportunities and highlights models to be applied while assisting those affected by a given misfortune. Illnesses require positive energy. The positive energy is accompanied by diversity on the mind set. A person needs to take diversity as tool to appreciate other cultures and identify the significance of different people within the environment (Jones, 2001). Diversity allows a person to seek advice in case of a complex situation. The social spaces are developed to give room for different ideas. Diversity allows those with negative thoughts to shift their philosophies and allow the society to unite against a given occurrence. In my case, I believe in a diverse mind. The ability to mentor others and offer health services are based on a diverse approach. Working with a community that allows the minority and the marginalized groups to have equal say is what I believe. Healthcare provisions bases on two components. These components are determined either by the health providers or by the healthcare beneficiaries. The beneficiary needs a positive thinking while the providers

Diversity Considerations Essay Example for Free

Diversity Considerations Essay Introduction This paper will analyze the influence of culture on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations. The discriminatory factors that promote societal, political, socioeconomic, and spiritual oppression of culturally diverse populations will be described within this paper. Racial and cultural diversity within non-native English-speaking communities will be examined. Furthermore, this paper will also analyze how current research may positively impact the delivery of public safety and enhance the evaluation of information and resources. Lastly the chosen articles used for this paper will be evaluated on their reliability and credibility. Diversity Considerations The different cultures and lifestyles that surround us are the major factors that affect and influence behavior in all societies. Culture is the way we are brought up and the beliefs, values and attitudes that are instilled in us by our parents and or guardians. Society also instills culture in us and how we are educated and trained throughout life. We are trained in school and within our homes; we are taught different lifestyles through whom we interact with and the environment in which we grow up in and the conditions and situations we are used to. As a child one tends to follow the life he or she is familiar with. Children look up to their parents, teachers, or any influential person in their life to help shape their thoughts, values and beliefs. For example, if one grows up in a negative environment then that individual will more than likely adopt those types of influences throughout their life and will view life in a negative manner. Their thoughts and beliefs and relationships with others in life will be negative. The opposition would be someone brought up in a positive environment will more than likely view life in a positive manner. If one is brought up to respect others and to be courteous to others, he will more than likely continue these habits throughout life. However, if one is brought up to be prejudiced against those who differ or believe it is acceptable to lie or steal then he or she will probably live by these standards. There are many discriminatory factors which promote societal, socioeconomic, and spiritual oppression of culturally diverse populations. First understanding how discrimination is categorized is important. According to Ore, (2011) employing a systemic frame of analysis requires that we redefine the ways we categorize issues of discrimination. Ore (2011) defines prejudice as a negative attitude toward members of a group or social category and discrimination as the unequal treatment of people determined by their membership in a group. Resources such as money, property, medical care and education can be impacted by systems of oppression and privilege. Resources are not equal to all and many are limited. The distribution of resources to a particular member of society is based on his or her status. Ones social class is one of the most powerful predictors of health. The higher someone is on the socioeconomic ladder the lower their risk is for poor health (Ore, 2011). The identification of disasters as purely physical occurrences (typhoons, floods, earthquakes and initially also bombings and explosions) that affect people who have the misfortunate to be simply in the wrong place at the wrong time gave rise to a preoccupation with technological solutions for the protection of infrastructure and exposed populations ( Bankoff, 2004). Many times the outcome of a situation will be dependent on ones status within the community or membership in a group. Racial and cultural diversity within non-native English-speaking communities exist throughout the country. According to the U.S. Department of Education (2005), there are approximately 56 million students and 3.3 million teachers in our K-12 classrooms. Half the school aged population is expected to consist of students of color by the year 2020. It is estimated that more than 1 in 7 children aged 5 to 17 speak a language other than English at home. By 2026, the number of non-native English speaking students will reach 15 million (Carjuzza, 2005). Multiculturalism relates to communities containing multiple cultures. Multiculturalism exists throughout the nation, communities, schools, businesses and neighborhoods in which we live in. Multiculturalism refers to ideologies or policies that encourage diversity. It allows for one to express one’s own identity. The interaction and communication between different cultures provides opportunity for all. Interactions of cultures provide opportunities for the cultural differences and to create multiculturalism. America is the place where individuals of different ethnicities, cultures and races come to be treated fairly (equal opportunity). However language can be a major barrier and affects all races regardless of acceptance. Smaller communities seem to encompass stronger values beliefs and customs, therefore leaving no room for acceptance of others and languages. Putnam, (2007) states, â€Å"As we have more contact with people who are unlike us, we overcome our initial hesitation and ignorance and come to trust them more.† This could be possible and could be a way to integrate diversity and create multiculturalism. Regardless of race, culture, age, disabilities or the language in which we speak, we are all created equal. Those who migrate here to America and want shared citizenship and outreach towards other cultures and ethnicities is something that will take a long time to be accepted, for several reasons, language being one main reason. Individuals that do not speak English and move into communities where English is the dominant language, are not easily accepted into these communities. There are many ways to try and resolve differences in regards to diversity; however ignorance to one’s culture, ethnicity, beliefs etc. plays a major role in racial and cultural diversity throughout the country. Current research may positively impact the delivery of public safety and enhance the evaluation of information and resources if conducted in a positive and open manner. Research must be available and include all current socioeconomic groups. However research must be honest and reliable and available to those in need of it in order to assist with issues in the public safety sector. Research must also include the members of the affected communities in which the research or data was collected on. . Also, the sharing of the research is critical and should only be shared with those authorized. Policies for conducting and sharing the research must be developed and implemented in order to avoid the research and data being altered or shared with the wrong individuals. Accurate crime data serve important purposes. It is used by public agencies and officials in determining policies, budgets, legislation, funding priorities, and evaluation of existing programs. In conclusion, it is up to the adults in a child’s life to set a good example and instill good values in their children. Society in general has a responsibility to assist with poverty and crime within their communities whenever possible. As individuals we all act and behave in a manner at different times and places. One may not have the same behavior or personality at home as he/she would at work. Whether it is a child, teenager or adults we all have our own personality, values, beliefs and cultures, therefore social influences can alter and shape our actions, speech and who we are and how we are perceived within our communities and society in general. Attitude or a persons belief about a certain situation or perception can influence behaviors. Social influences can affect behavior by simply changing attitudes. This can be a positive change, such as opening a closed-minded individuals beliefs to include new beliefs and choices. On the contrary social influences on attitudes can be negative and include destructive or forcible perceptions leading to poor choices and or criminal behavior. References Bankoff, G. (2004). International journal of mass emergencies and disaster. Time is of the Essence:Disasters, Vulnerability and History. 22(3) 23-42 International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations, 7(5) 153-160. Retrieved January 16, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/info_8510709_social-influences- human-behavior Putnam, R. D., (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century: The 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture. Journal Compilation, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2) 137-174 Ore, T.E. (2011). The social construction of difference inequality: Race, class, gender, and sexuality, fifth edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. Cumbersome

Essay --

Scope and ways of participation: There are three sets of managerial decision, which have the direct impact on the employees of any industrial formation. They are social, people and economic decisions. Economic decision includes the financial aspects like, manufacturing, mechanization, termination etc. Personnel decisions mention to recruitment, selection, advertising, transmission, criticism handling & etc. Social decisions refer to working hour, prosperity measure, working rule and manner of individual, joining in social, personal, & economic. On school of thought is of the opinion that the employees at several levels. The first opinion could lead to the employees’ actual contribution in the decision making of safety, health, and hygiene and noise level. The employees must have a say in the choice on the issues mentioned above. But there is variance of opinion about the scope and the degree to which workers or the trade unions should on equality basis, sitting with the management as the equal partner, and t o make dual managerial decisions on all stuffs. In practice, the factors affecting the workers participation can be shown as: Participation at The Board Level: The board of directors is the head body in the management of a corporate institution. A representation of employees on the board would, it is supposed, escort in industrial democracy, ensure improved employer-employee relationship and guarantee better productivity. The workers participation at the board of directors sacks safe guard employees’ interest, assist as a control system, guide to management, guidance on matter of venture. The contribution of workers are highest management is not without problems. The board of any initiative is primarily alarmed with problems l... ...and impressive results when correctly applied. Empowered Teams: The empowerment happens in the period power goes to employees and they can practice a sense of ownership and control over their jobs. Empowered individuals recognize that their jobs have its place to them. Empowerment is eased by a combination of features like values, leadership actions, job configuration and rewards system. Financial Participation: Financial participation varies from other forms of employee involvement in that, it is less probable to involve employees in discussion or decision making processes. The general determination of financial participation is to improve the organizational performances through the workers assurance. There are various financial participation schemes like profit-related pay, profit sharing, workers assistance, pension fund participation and wage earner profits etc.

Pluto or Neptune Essay

   Dr. Derik Johnson is highly acclaimed for his knowledge and research in physics. He has done a lot of research on the force of gravitation, and has a very conclusive notion in his mind that if sun’s gravitational pull is so great that it can compel a system of 9 planets to rotate around itself, then objects on earth, which is relatively very near to the sun as compared to Pluto or Neptune, should also fall towards sun, and not down towards the centre of the planet. He defies Newtonian theory on gravitational pull. Years of concentrated research on this notion, enable him to make a device, which can reverse the gravitational pull on any object. His joy does not know any limits, on this achievement. This is a device, which has a flat surface and which can be held in ones hand. Once the flat surface is made to face the Sun for 5 minutes, it gathers enough energy to change the gravitational field acting on any body. So, if he points this device to a person walking on road, it would appear to him as if, the person is getting carried upwards. To a common person, this device appears as if it is a round mirror of 5 inches diameter, and nothing else. Dr.Derik’s close friend John Mathew, is a shrewd businessman with acute sense of business opportunities. It was because of this sense of turning innovations into business, that he was a very wealthy man today. As a close friend, he discusses Dr. Derik discusses his invention with John, who perceives a gigantic business opportunity in this device. Now, tons and tons of load can be lifted upwards, with this small device !!!!! No extra energy no extra efforts !!! His shrewd business mind tells him that cranes and lifting devices could be a thing of past, if this invention could be turned into a working, marketable product. Both work together, incessantly, to bring out a commercially viable product, which can make any object move upward, just by pointing towards it. This product creates as storm in the market, and becomes an outright success. It becomes a minting machine for this duo. This run for minting money through this product, did not last long. Barely within a few months of its existence, reports of varied misuse of the product started flowing in and making headlines in the news channels and papers. While it proved very beneficial to the industry which had real time applications, it became a nuisance for others. Mrs. Alice, the head of an NGO, filed a law suit against this company, on behalf of a young girl, Edwina. It so happened that a boy studying with Edwina was madly in love with her, and wanted to marry her. Edwina was in no mood to agree to his proposal, and had been rejecting this boy consistently. So, this boy, uses this device, to shoot a small clip, with her walking above the surface of the earth. Since she was wearing a skirt at that time, the camera was able to shoot her private parts also. This was obviously very embarrassing to Edwina. Her MMS clips started circulating around the campus, then the town and then to the whole world through the internet. Edwina reported this case to Mrs. Alice, who was very upset at knowing her story. She approached the courts, and filed a law suit against the manufacturers, demanding a very heavy penalty in favor of Edwina, and immediate withdrawal of all the products from the market, and closing down the manufacturing unit. The court, decides to withdraw all the products from the market, pay heavy compensation to Edwina, but does not order closing down of the manufacturing unit. Instead, it issues an order that the product could be marketed to genuine customers only, who have to obtain a license to buy this product. The court also orders Dr. Derik to improvise the design in such a way that only a person with very high technical skills can use it. ( Dear customer : the resemblances are as follows : Dr. Derik – Dr. Frankenstein, the product – the monster, Edwina- William who was the victim, John- Henry, and Mrs. Alice- Elizabeth). Reference: 1) Victor Frankenstein, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, retrieved on 5 january 2008 from : < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein >

Allowing for Inflation and Taxation

ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION Q1. Ethan Co is evaluating Project Z, which requires an initial investment of $45,000. Expected net cash flows are $16,000 per annum for two years at today's prices. However, these are expected to rise by 3.7% pa because of inflation. The firm's money cost of capital is 11%. Find the NPV by discounting money cash flows. (MCQ)Years Cash flows ($) Money cash flows ($)0 (45,000) (45,000)1 16,000 Ãâ€" 1.037 16,5922 16,000 Ãâ€" (1.037)2 17,206$(11,202)$(13,000)$16,079$(16,079)(2 marks) Q2. Philip Co.'s selling prices ; variable costs of construction are $200,000 ; $100,000 respectively and are in current price terms before allowing inflation of 3%/annum on selling price ; 4%/annum on variable cost. Fixed cost for the year is $70,000 before inflation of 2%/annum. Calculate the taxable cash flows for year 2 and fill in the table given below. (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks) Q3. A project has the following cash flows before allowing for inflation. The company's money discount rate is 13.5%. The general rate of inflation is expected to remain constant at 5%. Evaluate the NPV by using real cash flows and real discount rates (MCQ)Year Cash flow ($000)0 (600)1 2402 500$31,000$36,300$51,000$53,500(2 marks) Q4. GW Co. is expecting a net of tax receipt of $8,000 (in real terms) in one year's time. If GW Co. expects inflation to increase, what impact will this have on the present value of that receipt? (MCQ)ReduceNilCannot sayIncrease(2 marks) Q5. Which of the following about the inflation values included in the nominal cost of capital is correct?The expected general inflation suffered by the investorsThe previous general inflation suffered by the investorsIt is specific ; historic to the businessIt is expected ; specific to the business(2 marks) Q6. DC Co. has a 31st December year end ; pays corporation tax at a rate of 24%, 12 months after the end to which the cash flow relates. It can claim tax allowable depreciation at a rate of 25% reducing balance. It pays $3m for a machine on 31st December 20X1. DC Co.'s cost of capital is 10%.At cost of capital 10%, what is the present value on 31st December 20X1 of the benefit of the first portion of tax allowable depreciation? (MCQ)$750,000$163,620$180,000$148,680(2 marks) Q7. Ghost Co. needs to have $400,000 working capital immediately for the three-year project. The amount will stay constant in real terms. Inflation is running at 7% per annum, and Ghost Co.'s money cost of capital is 14%. What will be the net present value of working capital? Give answer to the nearest number. (FIB)3708407112000$ (2 marks) Q8. The investment is $200,000 ; the capital allowances will be calculated on the basis of 25% reducing balance basis. The tax rate is 27% which will be paid in arrears. Calculate the capital allowances for year three when the project life is four years? (MCQ)$13,500$10,125$7,594$22,781(2 marks) Q9. Joseph a project manager plans to invest $500,000 in a new project. His company pays a corporation tax of $28% per annum with tax liability settled in the year in which it arises. The tax allowable depreciation can be claimed on the cost of the investment on a straight line basis over the projects life of four years. What will be the balancing charge/allowance for the company? (MCQ) $125,000 (Balancing Charge)$360,000 (Balancing Allowance)$360,000 (Balancing Charge)$140,000 (Balancing Allowance)(2 marks) Q10.The following information relates to two machines:Machine 1 Machine 2Investment $100,000 $50,000Tax allowable depreciation 25% Reducing Balance 25% Reducing BalanceProject Life 2 years 2 yearsScrap value $50,000 $50,000Capital Allowance start Year 0 Year 1The corporation tax rate is 30%. State whether Balancing Allowance or Charge will arise for Machine 1 ; Machine 2. (MCQ)M1 Balancing Charge / M2 Balancing AllowanceM1 Balancing Allowance / M2 Balancing ChargeM1 ; M2 Balancing ChargeM1 ; M2 Balancing Allowance(2 marks) Q11. A project has the following projected cash inflows:Year 1 $50,000Year 2 $75,000Year 3 $105,000Working capital is required to be in place at the start of each year equal to 5% of the cash inflow for that year. Cost of capital is 8%. What is the present value of the working capital? (FIB)3714751905000$ (2 marks) Q12. A company's expected sales for the new venture to be 10,000 units per year. The selling price is expected to be $5 per unit in the first year, inflating by 4% per year over the three year life of the project. Working capital equal to 8% of annual sales is required and needs to be in place at the start of each year. Calculate the working capital increment needed in year 2? (MCQ)$(4,160)$(160)$4,480$0(2 marks) Q13. Tec Co. is planning to invest in a three-year project having following details: Revenue for year 1 $150,000, year 2 $175,000 & year 3 $120,000. 12% of sales will be required as working capital at the start of each year end. Calculate incremental working capital for year three? (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks) Q14. Working capital of each year is 3% of sales which will be required at the start of each year. The sales will inflate by 2% per year and the sales are as follows:Year 1 $300,000Year 2 $445,000Year 3 $267,700Calculate Present value using cost of capital of 4%. (MCQ)$(4,271)$5,023$7,281$(1,147)(2 marks) ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION (ANSWERS) Q1. DMoney cash flows ($) Discount rate (11%) Present value ($)(45,000) 1 (45,000)16,592 0.901 14,95017,206 0.812 13,971NPV (16,079) Q2. $31,000Costs Inflation Year 2 ($000)Sales Revenue 200 Ãâ€" (1.03)2 212Variable Cost 100 Ãâ€" (1.04)2 (108)Fixed Cost 70 Ãâ€" (1.02)2 (73)Taxable cash flows 31 Q3. CReal rate: [(1+ 13.5%) à · (1+ 5%)] – 1 = 8%Year Cash flow ($000) Discount factor 8% Present value ($000)0 (600) 1 (600)1 240 0.926 2222 500 0.857 429NPV 51 Q4. BHigh expectation of inflation will have following effects:Higher nominal discount rateHigh expected nominal cash flowExact cancellation of each other Q5. AThe inflation included in the nominal cost of capital is required by the investors to compensate them for the loss of general purchasing power their money will suffer in the future as a result of investing in the business. Q6. $163,620The asset is purchased on 31st December 20X1, so the first portion of tax allowable depreciation is accounted for on the date (as this the year-end). The amount of depreciation would be $3m Ãâ€" 25% = $750,000.Claiming this allowance will save ($750,000 Ãâ€" 24 %=) $180,000 tax when it is paid one year in arrears hence the $180,000 Ãâ€" 0.909 (DF 10%) = $163,620 Q7. $ – 138,472The working capital required will inflate year on year, then the inflated amount will be returned at the end of the project.Year Cash flow Increment (7%) Discount Factor (14%) Present Value0 (400,000) (400,000) 1 (400,000)1 428,000 (28,000) 0.877 (24,556)2 457,960 (29,960) 0.769 (23,039)3 0 457,960 0.675 309,123NPV -138,472 Q8. CYear Working Capital Allowance Tax Benefit1 (200,000 Ãâ€" 25%) 50,000 Ãâ€" 27% 13,5002 (150,000 Ãâ€" 25%) 37,500 Ãâ€" 27% 10,1253 (112,500 Ãâ€" 25%) 28,125 Ãâ€" 27% 7,5944 84,375 Ãâ€" 27% 22,781Balancing Allowance/Charge (Year 4)200,000 – (50,000+37,500+28,125) = 84,375 (Balancing allowance) Q9. B$500,000 à · 4 years = $125,000$125,000 Ãâ€" 28% (tax rate) = $35,000$35,000 Ãâ€" 4 years = $140,000$500,000 – $140,000 =$360,000 (Balance Allowance) Q10. BMachine 1Year 0 100,000 Ãâ€" 25% 25,000 Ãâ€" 30% 7,5001 75,000 Ãâ€" 25% 18,750 Ãâ€" 30% 5,6252 100.000 – (25,000+18,750) = 56,250 – 50,000 = 6,250 6,250 Ãâ€" 30% 1,875 (B.A)Machine 2Year 0 1 50,000 Ãâ€" 25% 12,500 Ãâ€" 30% 3,7502 50,000 – (12,500) = 37,50037,500 – 50,000 = (12,500) (12,500) Ãâ€" 30% (3,750) (B.C) Q11. $ -868Year Cash flow ($) Increment (5%) Discount factor (8%) Present value ($)0 2,500 (2,500) 1 (2,500)1 3,750 (1,250) 0.926 (1,158)2 5,250 (1,500) 0.842 (1,263)3 0 5,250 0.772 4,053-868 Q12. BYear Selling price inflation (4%) Working capital ($) (8%) Increment (5%)0 4,160 (4,160)1 $5.2 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 52,000 4,320 (160)2 $5.4 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 54,000 4.480 (160)3 $5.6 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 56,000 4,4800 Q13. $14,400Year 0 1 2 312% of Sales revenue $18,000 $21,000 $14,400Required WC at end 18,000 21,000 – 18,000 21,000 – 14,400 Incremental (18,000) (3,000) 6,600 14,400 Q14. DYear Inflated Sales ($) Working Capital ($) Incremental WC ($) Discount Factor (4%) Present value ($)0 9,180 (9,180) 1 (9,180)1 306,000 13,620 (4,440) 0.962 (4,271)2 454,000 8,190 5,430 0.925 5,0233 273,000 8,190 0.889 7,281NPV (1,147)

9 Tips to Advance Your Career

9 Tips to Advance Your Career While the recession’s aftermath is still affecting many workplaces, and it’s easy to get discouraged and shut down, Canadian professional consultant Bruce Harpham has been making an effort to focus on the potential opportunities that inevitable emerge from a time of stress. Even if you’re bracing for another round of layoffs or trying to boost your career during a stagnant time in your field, check out this tips to help harness your energies in meaningful ways and keep making a difference at work. 1. Work On Goals That MatterWhether you’re in your dream job or biding time until you can land something better, find a way to care about your daily assignments. If the goals your boss hands you aren’t exciting enough, find something in your personal life (ideally, something that benefits your career too like a new skill set) that you can only tackle once you’ve completed your work to-dos. Make your daily work meaningful however you can–emplo yers will notice your enthusiasm.2. Use a Reliable Personal Organization SystemAccording to Harpham, among other things, â€Å"successful professionals know how to run a meeting†. Make sure your personal work life is well-organized and effective–develop good habits, use consistent systems, and if organization doesn’t come naturally to you, explore resources to help you acquire new skills. Personal organization is a toolkit you can take with you wherever you go.3. Learn to Earn MoreEffective employees are always acquiring new responsibilities, new skills, and new goals. Don’t stay comfortable at the plateau you reach when you learn your way around a new job–use resources online or in your community to pursue new knowledge, so when the next big opportunity comes up you’re not only qualified, you’re the ideal candidate.4. Navigate Power Like a PrinceEven if your career ambitions aren’t as lofty as a Senior VP, you’ll only b enefit from staying sharp and observing how powerful people move through the workplace. Work to understand the priorities and decision-making methods of the people in power; it’ll help you relate to them and prepare for the demands of your future career as well.5. Maintain Focus on Results Rather Than TimeMany an hourly worker develops a â€Å"time worked equals value created† mentality - lose the attitude, but keep the work ethic, and make sure you’ve produced worthwhile progress each and every day.6. Exploit All Of Your BenefitsThe essential benefits from working a full-time job, like health and retirement, are easy to appreciate–but make sure you’re making the best possible use of the lesser known perks as well. Some companies offer transportation subsidies–lower price public transit passes or parking reimbursement; I once worked at a company that had a partnership with an entertainment organization. I enjoyed half price theater and base ball tickets all summer, but many of my colleagues had no idea these rebates existed.7. Give Time, Attention, and More To Your NetworkDon’t be the person who only gets in touch with an old contact when you want something. Remembering birthdays, introducing people who can help each other, even forwarding an article about an old friend’s favorite hobby with a â€Å"saw this and thought of you!† note can show that you’re not just a parasitic acquaintance. Be generous with your time and network, and it will be there for you when you need it.8. Protect the Asset By Keeping Up Your HealthIt may sound odd to think of your physical health as an asset–but wait until you lose it, and you’re out of sick time. Regular exercise, attention to nutrition, and most important of all, a good night’s sleep on a regular basis are crucial elements to making sure your career lasts, instead of burning out fast.9. Develop Conflict Management SkillsEspecially for an ambitious person, conflict is fairly inevitable. The good news is, conflict resolution techniques can be learned, if they’re not innate or acquired earlier in life. Check out local resources or consult an HR representative to find out what workshops may be available for you, if conflict makes your stomach churn. You too can learn to field even the toughest clients and colleagues with poise.The only thing Harpham left out was the importance of showing up, whenever you’re well enough to do so. Value your job, value your time, and value yourself–be the best team player you can be.9 Ways To Speed Up Your Career AdvancementRead More at Lifehack

A List of Notorious Male Criminals from A-Z

A List of Notorious Male Criminals from A-Z Mumia Abu-Jamal MurdererAbu-Jamal murdered police officer Daniel Faulkner. His case became a platform for groups such as the anti-globalization movement, anti-death penalty groups, and the Black Nationalist movements who proclaim he is innocent. Mehmet Ali Agca Turkish AssassinMehmet Ali Agca shot Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981, in Saint Peters Square. Before the Pope John Paul died the two met face to face for over 30 minutes. John Eric Armstrong Serial Killer, RapistNo one could believe that the child-like face of John Eric Armstrong, nicknamed Opie by his navy friends, was really the face of a cold and calculating serial killer. Alejandro Avila Child Murderer, PedophileAvila was found guilty of kidnapping, sexually molesting and asphyxiating five-year-old Samantha Runnion. Gaetano Badalamenti Sicilian Mafia BossHe was the ringleader of a $1.65 billion dollar drug smuggling operation that imported heroin from the Middle East and cocaine from South America and distributed the drugs through U.S. mid-western pizzeria store fronts. Dennis Bagwell MurdererBagwell killed his mother and four others, including a four-year-old child, because his mother refused to give him money. Joe Ball and His Alligator Pond Serial KillerBall is suspected of killing as many as 20 women and feeding them to his pet alligators. Klaus Barbie The Butcher of LyonA Nazi war criminal, who was personally responsible for the torture and death of thousands of Jews, managed to evade execution for his war crimes by fleeing Europe to Bolivia with the assistance of U.S. intelligence agents. Nathaniel Bar-Jonah Child Predator, Torturer, CannibalNathaniel Bar-Jonah, a/k/a David Paul Brown, is a convicted child predator who is in prison after repeatedly molesting, torturing and attempting to murder children. He was also suspected of murdering a child then disposing of the body through cannibalistic ways that involved his unsuspecting neighbors. Cesar Barone Serial Killer, Sexual Predator, RapistThe profile of serial killer Cesar Barone, now on death row in Oregon, for raping and killing senior-aged women. Barone, at the age of 19, was suspected of raping and murdering by strangulation his 71-year-old neighbor while she was in bed. Robert Berdella Serial Killer, Sexual Predator, RapistAround the neighborhood, he was considered odd but was liked and participated in organizing a local community crime watch programs, but he was one of the most barbarous serial killers in U.S. history, who participated in vile acts of sexual torture and murder. David Berkowitz - The Son of Sam Serial KillerDavid Berkowitz, better known as Son of Sam, is an infamous 1970s New York City serial killer who killed six people and wounded several others claiming his neighbors dog was a demon who told him to do it. Kirk Douglas Billie Child MurdererMiccosukee Indian Kirk Douglas Billie, 36, was sentenced to life in prison for the drowning death of sons, Kurt, 5 and Keith, 3. His case became a large dispute over tribal sovereignty and the state of Florida. Arthur Gary Bishop Serial Killer, Pedophile, RapistArthur Gary Bishop went from being an honor student, Eagle Scout and teenage missionary to an obsessed pedophile and child killer which he later attributed to the pornography that he was exposed to while growing up. Ian Brady Serial Killer, Rapist, TorturerIan Brady and his girlfriend Myra Hindley were British serial killers, responsible for a series of child murders that became known as the Moors Murders. John Brown Political Activist - 1859Convicted of treason and hung after an attempt to take over an arsenal in Virginia in order to arm slaves was thwarted. H. Rap Brown MurdererAl-Amin aka H. Rap Brown in March 2000, fired on two police officers attempting to serve him a warrant on a minor theft charge. One of the officers died after Al-Amin shot an additional three shots into the wounded officer who was lying defenseless on the street. Kenneth Eugene Bruce Home Invasion, MurdererBruce brutally murdered a 55-year-old woman and attempted to kill her husband during a home invasion. Martin Bryant Mass MurdererMartin Bryant went on a killing spree in the popular tourist destination of Port Arthur, Tasmania. During the Port Arthur Massacre, Bryant murdered 35 people and injured 37 others. James J. Bulger FBI Most WantedBulger is wanted by the FBI for murder (18 counts), conspiracy to commit extortion, narcotics distribution, and other charges. Ted Bundy Serial Killer, Rapist, NecrophiliacHe was attractive, smart, and had a future in politics. He was also one of the most prolific serial killers in U.S. history. Bundy screamed his innocence until his death in the electric chair was imminent. Then he told just enough to show the true evil inside him. William L. Calley War CrimesLt. William L. Calley was convicted of the premeditated murder of 22 Vietnamese civilians during the March 16, 1968, incident known as the My Lai Massacre. Lt. Calley was the only person found guilty in the incident. Rae Carruth MurdererSports star Rae Carruth was found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder, shooting into an occupied vehicle and using an instrument to destroy an unborn child and was sentenced to 18-24 years in prison. Frank Ray Chandler MurdererChandler brutally beat a 90-year-old woman and left her to die in a pool of her blood. Norman Richard Cleary MurdererNorman Cleary and his accomplice scouted homes looking for one to break into and when it came to killing the housekeeper working inside, the pair didnt blink an eye. C-Murder MurdererCorey Miller is a popular rap singer known to his fans as C-Murder. He was convicted in the beating and fatal shooting of a 16-year-old fan who had the stars posters all over his bedroom wall. Barton Corbin Dentist indicted for murder.  Corbin is a Georgia dentist who has been indicted by two Georgia grand juries in the connection with the death of his wife and death of his former girlfriend and is being investigated for a third murder. Juan Corona Serial KillerJuan Corona was a labor contractor who went on a six-week murder spree, raping and killing 25 men he employed. Frank Costello Prime Minister of the UnderworldKnown for being one of the most politically connected members of the crime syndicate and referred to judges as My Boys. Tyrone Peter Darks Murderer, 9/11 FraudsterDarks hated his ex-wife, so much so that one day as she left the church he fatally shot and killed her. But his crimes did not stop there. Genero Espinosa Dorantes FBI Most WantedGenero Espinosa Dorantes is wanted by the FBI for unlawful flight to avoid prosecution and criminal homicide. John E. DuPont Millionaire Schizophrenic MurdererJohn E. DuPont was a sports wannabe who inherited millions and bought his status into the sporting world that his own physical capabilities could have never achieved. He was also insane and liked to play with guns, a combination that eventually led to murder. Marc Dutroux Serial Killer, Torturer, RapistMarc Dutroux, an unemployed electrician, and father of three, committed a series of kidnappings, rapes and murders of an unknown number of teenage girls. Dutroux and accomplices, including his wife, are considered among the vilest criminals in the history of Belgium. Colin Ferguson Mass MurderOn December 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson boarded a Long Island commuter train and began shooting the passengers with a Ruger P-89 9mm pistol. The incident known as the Long Island Railroad Massacre resulted in six people being killed and 19 injured. Robert William Fisher FBI Most WantedRobert William Fisher is wanted for allegedly killing his wife and two young children and then blowing up the house. Anthony Guy Fuentes MurdererFuentes, with two prior convictions for shooting people, was free on the streets to find his next victim who he killed over a case of stolen beer. John Wayne Gacy the Killer Clown Serial Killer, Torturer, RapistJohn Wayne Gacy was convicted of the torture, rape, and murder of 33 men between 1972 until his arrest in 1978. He was dubbed the Killer Clown because he entertained kids at parties as Pogo The Clown. Ed Gein Serial Killer, Grave Robber, Necrophiliac, CannibalThe Plainfield, Wisconsin police department had no idea of the grotesque world they were about to enter when they went to Ed Geins farm home to investigate the disappearance of a local woman. Geins crimes went down in history as some of the most encompassing murder, grave robbing, and cannibalism. Vito Don Vito Genovese Mafia, GangsterAnother mafia boss of bosses he was the head of the Genovese crime family who earned his reputation for being a prolific drug trafficker. Victor Manuel Gerena FBI Most WantedVictor Manuel Gerena is being sought in connection with the armed robbery of approximately $7 million from a security company in Connecticut. Andrew Gigante Gangster, MafiaSon of Genovese mobster, Vincent Chin Gigante, who became a messenger between his father and other Genovese mobsters when his father was imprisoned. Vincent Chin Gigante Boss of the Genovese FamilyThe press named him The Oddfather because of his habit of walking around in his robe talking to himself, hoping to plead insanity if ever arrested. Richard Steve Goldberg FBI Most WantedWanted for sexual exploitation of children, production of child pornography, plus unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. Glen Stewart Godwin FBI Most WantedGodwin escaped from Folsom State Prison in California, where he was serving a lengthy sentence for murder. Donald Pee Wee Gaskins Gaskins was the most prolific serial killer in South Carolina history. Once his brutality was unleashed, he knew no boundaries, torturing, killing, cannibalizing victims, both male and female. John Dapper Don Gotti Former Godfather of the Gambino FamilyGotti, known also as Teflon Don and later Velcro Don earned his way into power after planning the death of Paul Castellano. Dominique Jerome Green MurdererGreen and three other men took part in a series of robberies in the Houston area over a period of several hours ending in Green shooting a man with a Tech-9 semi-automatic gun over the money he had in his wallet a mere $50.00. Mark Hacking MurdererHacking shot his pregnant wife in the head while she slept and dumped her body in the garbage, where it was found five months later. Bobby Ray Hopkins MurdererHopkins killed two teenaged girls, stabbing and cutting them over 100 times presumably because they hurt his feelings. Jack The Ripper Serial KillerA serial killer murdered and mutilated at least five prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. Because no one was ever arrested or tried for the murders, crime buffs are still fascinated with the case more than 115 years later. Michael Jackson Accused PedophileFound not guilty on charges of conspiracy to commit child abduction, false imprisonment and extortion, three counts of committing lewd acts upon a child, attempted lewd acts with a child, and four counts of administering intoxicating agents to assist in the commission of a felony. Edgar Ray Killen Murderer - Hate CrimeKillen, a reputed member of the Ku Klux Klan, in 2005, was found responsible for the shooting deaths of three civil rights workers who were registering black voters during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Edward Lewis Lagrone Murderer, Child RapistLagrone impregnated his ex-girlfriends ten-year-old daughter then killed the young girl and two of her elderly great aunts Pedro Alonso Lopez - The Monster of the Andes Lopez was one of the historys most horrific serial killers, but he was released from prison in 1998. Where is he now? Charles Lucky Luciano Mafia, GangsterIt is believed that Luciano was one of the most powerful men in organized crime and to this day his influence over the gangster activity in the USA still exists. Jeffrey MacDonald Child Murderer, MurdererOn February 17, 1970, a horrific crime took place outside of Fort Bragg in North Carolina. An army doctors wife and two children were savagely killed and the doctor wounded. The facts of this crime deviated with each legal hearing and opinions have been drawn like a duel at sunrise. Ynobe Katron Matthews Kidnapper, Rapist, MurdererMatthews kidnapped and sexually assaulted a 21-year-old girl then strangled her to death. Demarco Markeith McCullum Hate Crime, MurdererMcCullum and his friends beat, robbed, kidnapped and shot, execution style, a gay man they came across in a parking lot. McCullum later bragged that he felt like a judge because he had taken someones life. Frederick Patrick McWilliams Kidnapper, MurdererMcWilliams and friends attacked a homeless man sleeping in his car and killed him for no apparent reason. Scott Peterson MurdererPeterson murdered his pregnant wife and their unborn son and dumped the body in San Francisco Bay. His ex-mistress, Amber Frey, offered evidence that helped convict Peterson for the murder. Brian David Mitchell Mitchell, along with his wife Wanda Barzee, is accused of kidnapping 14-year-old Elizabeth Smart and holding her captive for nine months. Lorenzo Morris MurdererMorris attacked a 70-year-old man, cut his throat and bludgeoned him in the head with a hammer at the victims Houston home then robbed him. Robert Brice Morrow Kidnapper, MurdererMorrow kidnapped a 21-year-old college student, beat her, then cut her throat. She had 42 separate injuries at her time of death. Charles Chi-tat Ng Kidnapper, Torturer, Rapist, MurdererCharles Ng participated in the kidnapping, sadistic torture, slavery, rape and murder of numerous victims in one of the most infamous and costly murder cases in American history. Joe Elton Nixon Kidnapping, MurderJoe Nixon has been on death row in Texas for 19 years for the murder of 38-year-old Jeanne Bickner, who he tied to trees with jumper cables and set on fire. Dennis Rader - The BTK Strangler Serial Killer, Rapist, TorturerDennis Rader, the BTK murderer, confessed to his grisly crimes in a voice void of emotion and remorse, but with a hint of demented pride. Richard Ramirez - The Night Stalker Rapist, Torturer, Serial KillerSatanic worshipper, serial killer, and rapist, Richard Ramirez was named The Night Stalker, after terrorizing Los Angeles during a year-long killing and rape spree. He was convicted of 43 counts, including murder, burglary, sodomy, and rape. Johnny L. Robinson Kidnapper, Rapist, MurdererRobinson kidnapped, raped and shot a 31-year-old woman who he found stranded on the highway. John Glenn Roe Kidnapper, MurdererDonette, kidnapped, shot, and killed a young mother, then took her car and money and used information about the murder to try to get out of serving time for other crimes he committed. Michael Ross Serial Killer, RapistRoss, driven by sexually violent fantasies, brutally raped and murdered eight young girls. Raymond Dayle Rowsey MurdererRowsey shot six times into a 20-year-old store clerk, then viciously kicked the dying man for $57.54 in cash and some magazine. Charles Laverne Singleton MurdererSingleton stabbed to death a 31-year-old store owner who was one of the few people in his life who befriended him. Richard Speck - Born to Raise Hell Serial KillerThe words Born to Raise Hell were tattooed on the arm of the tall pocked-faced man with a southern drawl who entered a nursing students dormitory on a warm July night in 1966. Once inside he committed a series of crimes that shocked America. Chester Dewayne Turner Serial KillerPolice say Chester Dewayne Turner is the most prolific serial killer in the history of the city of Los Angeles. He was finally identified through extensive DNA testing. Who were his victims and the man who was mistakenly imprisoned for his crimes? Billy Frank Vickers Thief, MurdererVickers planned the robbery and murder of a local grocery store owner in Arthur City, Texas. Coral Eugene Watts - The Sunday Morning Slasher Serial KillerThe incredible story of serial killer Coral Eugene Watts, who confessed to over 80 murders, has admitted he will murder again, yet Texas could not keep him behind bars. Ward Weaver lll Kidnapper, Rapist, MurdererWeaver kidnapped, raped, and murdered his daughters friends, 12-year-old Ashley Pond and 13-year-old Miranda Gaddis, and hid their bodies in his backyard. Donald Eugene Webb FBI Most WantedWebb is being sought in connection with the murder of a police chief in Pennsylvania who was shot twice at close range after being brutally beaten about the head and face with a blunt instrument. Lewis Williams, Jr. Thief, MurdererWilliams beat a 76-year-old woman around the face and shoulders, shot her in the mouth, and stomped on her chest, leaving a bloody shoe print on her nightgown. Cameron Todd Willingham Baby MurdererWillingham killed his three babies and set the house on fire to cover up his crime. Windel Ray Workman Baby MurdererWorkman beat his girlfriends two-year-old daughter, Amber Holman, to death. She died of multiple blows to the head and stomach. Kevin Lee Zimmerman Thief, MurdererZimmerman brutally murdered a man in a hotel room for the purpose of robbing him of his money.

Essential of forensic investigation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Essential of forensic investigation - Case Study Example The humanity has been served by the forensic science for decades, yet there are major flaws which influence the court decisions in criminal cases and the case of ‘Murder of Marilyn Sheppard in 1954’ underlines how fatal can be the forensic science investigations. On the pretext of the case, the study analyzes the ways of recovering evidence, the ways of analyzing them and the way they were presented at court. The paper also examines the details of the police investigation and the sort of evidence used in the investigation. It also focuses on the techniques used in the examination and the relevance of the techniques in the current forensic examination. Further, the paper examines the types of evidence, number of evidence taken into consideration or overlooked. The evidence taken into consideration was the only prime evidence or it was part of a bigger picture is also discussed in this study along with analyzing the fact that whether they were given due importance by the court and the police investigation or not. If yes, how was the evidence used used at trial, and, if not, why? It also speculates the possible conclusion, if the case is tried now. The case study also examines the factors that went wrong as well as the factors that can be consi dered as good practices. It also identifies the desirable or necessary changes that would have affected the outcome of the case. For examining the crime scenes the only scientific process is the forensic science and its investigation reports are quite important for influencing court decisions. In the selected case the decision made once was reversed in the second trial of the case and the second trial of the case was accepted by the court on the basis of new forensic investigation and it proved how important the evidence collected by the forensic scientists and their investigation are for the legal purposes. Often, forensic

Discuss how psychological research into false memories has improved Essay

Discuss how psychological research into false memories has improved the reliabilty of eyewitness testimony - Essay Example The most important variables in eyewitness identification include perception, memory, communication and candour of the eyewitness. However, it has been a tough job for even trained observers to make accurate identification of the eyewitness. In this background, research in cognitive psychology on the subject of false memories proves to be greatly invaluable and such studies influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony immensely. As Daniel L. Schacter purports, experimental and theoretical studies of memory reveal that errors, distortions, and illusions are fundamental aspects of remembering and recollection. For the last two decades, there has been renewed interest in memory errors and distortions within psychotherapy and neuropsychology. â€Å"It is in the context of this debate that the term ‘false memory’ has come into common usage in psychological research. False memories refer to recollections that are in some way distorted or, in extreme cases, involve rememb ering events that never happened at all.† (Schacter, 1999, p. 193). Therefore, psychological research into false memories can greatly contribute to the reliability of eyewitness testimony and this paper makes a reflective exploration of how such examinations can improve the reliability of eyewitness testimony. ... The findings in the recent studies on the development of false memories prove that benign memories can be distorted in various ways during the process of encoding and retrieval. As Rowland W. Folensbee maintains, â€Å"research into false memories does not call into question the existence of memory processes that could maintain implicit traumatic memories. In fact, recent neuroimaging research offers support for the existence of flashbacks that not connected to explicit memory processes. (Folensbee, 2007, p. 119). Therefore, the recent studies on the process of recovering implicit memories have introduced a new way of understanding the working of false memories and these researches contribute to the comprehension of the fundamental aspects of memory. It is fundamental to realize that the cognitive psychologists have identified the occurrence of false memories and the recent experimental research in the area contributes to a better analysis of false memories. The significant connecti on between the recent psychological research into false memories and the reliability of eyewitness testimony cannot be questioned, because the developments in this area of neuropsychological research have contributed to the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One of the core aspects of the judicial process has been the reliability of eyewitness testimony and every attempt to improve its validity has great implications in legal psychology. According to Tversky and Fisher, it is fundamental for the participants in the judicial process to recognize the fallibility of witness memories. (Tversky and Fisher, 2000). The recent studies in neuropsychology concerning human memory focus on the susceptibility of the